The Harlem Renaissance By Edward Christopher Williams

The Harlem Renaissance represented a time of an intense battle between feminine self-expression, self-discovery and the resistance of change and traditional values. It produced a wellspring of differing opinions, beliefs, and styles, arguably launching one of the greatest forms of artistic expression for the African American woman and American culture in general. Edward Christopher Williams’s novel When Washington Was In Vogue, is an excellent example of how this struggle between conformity and non-conformity manifested itself into the seductive body of the modern flapper, namely, Caroline Rhodes and how her transformation throughout the narrative reflected a desire to maintain the traditional roles meant for women and the preservation for the African American, ultimately dismissing the modern flapper as a phase that would deteriorate shortly before the alter. Caroline, as defined by narrator and love interest Davy Carr, has â€Å"the best and the worst points of the modern flapper† (Williams 8). She is highly intelligent and carries her racy behavior without a care or thought, which makes her and her actions unavoidably attractive as equally as they are disapproved and frowned on. While it is true that Caroline has a â€Å"this is 1922, the Middle Ages are over† attitude (25), she is described by Davy as a woman that does not make â€Å"the slightest outward show of culture in her ordinary social relations, [but] she has a quick and ready wit, and a perfectly uncanny fluency of speech, asShow MoreRelatedHarlem Renaissance the Hip Hop Movement2779 Words   |  12 PagesHarlem Renaissance and the Hip-hop Movement AN OVERVIEW The Harlem Renaissance and the Hip-Hop Movement are a culmination of co-related cultural art forms that have emerged out of the black experience. White people understood black people more through their expression of art during both movements. Both movements brought about a broad cross-racial following and, ironically, in both instances brought about a better understanding of the black experience for white America. The bridge betweenRead More Visions of The Primitive in Langston Hughes’s The Big Sea Essay examples6201 Words   |  25 Pagesorthodoxy. His account of the Harlem Renaissance can be read not just as an indigenous cultural revolution, but also as a special variant of the more general aesthetic experiments of modernism, especially its obsession with exploring so-called â€Å"primitive† cultures, of which Conrad’s tale is a famously ambiguous example. Moreover, The Big Sea provides a trenchant commentary on writers such as Carl Van Vechten, whose novel Nigger Heaven (1926) promoted the associations of Harlem as an atavistic enclave forRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesNative Americans (or American Indians) and European explorers and settlers who had both religious and territorial aspirations - Native American oral literature / oral tradition - European explorers’ letters, diaries, reports, etc., such as Christopher Columbus’s letters about his voyage to the â€Å"New world†. - Anglo (New England) settlers’ books, sermons, journals, narratives, and poetry Native American / American Indian oral literature / oral tradition creation storiesï ¼Ë†Ã¨ µ ·Ã¦ º Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° trickster talesï ¼Ë†Ã¦  ¶Ã¤ ½Å"å‰ §Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¤ ¼  Ã¥ ¥â€¡Ã¯ ¼â€° Read MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesmovable type, using clay and glue. - Because types are not moveable, characters were organized by rhyme. - Moveable type never replaced the handcut woodblock of the orient. - The invention of paper and printing arrived in Europe just as the Renaissance began. Chapter 4: Illuminated Manuscripts - Hand-written books are referred to as Illuminated Manuscripts. - Two notable traditions of illuminated manuscripts come from Islamic and European countries. - Most illuminated scripts were small enough

1984 And Fahrenheit 451 - 1505 Words

In the texts, 1984, by George Orwell, and Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, the concepts of totalitarianism and censorship are addressed in various ways. Both texts are of dystopian fiction, set in post-nuclear war nations, although they are somewhat of a different nature. The concepts of totalitarianism and censorship are explored throughout the texts by addressing the issue of ‘knowledge is power’, the use and abuse of technology and the desensitising of society. Although these are mentioned in both 1984 and Fahrenheit 451, they are different in the way they are approached by each totalitarian government, as the government in 1984 is much more severe in the way each of these issues are dealt with in the text. Orwell and Bradbury address†¦show more content†¦Both authors emphasise the message that knowledge is power in order to warn modern society of the damage that can be done by embracing totalitarianism regimes. Orwell is much stronger in portraying it, which is displayed through the party slogan â€Å"who controls the past controls the future, who controls the present controls the past†. Bradbury acknowledges this by removing literature, although people are still free to think. Orwell takes it further by making readers question, what knowledge can be trusted? If all thought is removed, eventually, nobody will be able to have power because if the knowledge is unknown to be true, it cannot be used to form a common argument against the government. In 1984 and Fahrenheit 451, the governments utilise technology to abuse the citizens’ rights to privacy as well as advertise political propaganda. In both texts, television plays an integral part of the use of technology. In Bradbury’s text, a 24/7 TV program includes the audience in order to provide the impression they are an important part of society, whereas in Orwell’s text, the ‘telescreens’ are not only used for propaganda, but also to constantly monitor Oceania’s citizens. This is evident when â€Å"Winston kept his back turned to the telescreen. It was safer, though, as he well knew, even a back can be revealing.† In Fahrenheit 451, the TV programShow MoreRelatedComparing 1984 And Fahrenheit 451928 Words   |  4 Pages1984 and Fahrenheit 451 1984, written by George Orwell, and Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, are similar to each other, however they also have several distinct differences. Both 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are dystopian themed novels that deal with an overbearing and extremely powerful government. The nations in both novels are involved in wars that never seem to end, and their main characters begin to doubt the government and what society expects of everyone. In both 1984 and Fahrenheit 451, theRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Vs. 1984970 Words   |  4 PagesFahrenheit 451 vs. 1984 Ray Bradbury and George Orwell share a very similar theme in their two novels, Fahrenheit 451 and 1984. Winston Smith and Guy Montag work within an authoritarian organization, in which, they have opposing views of the authority. The novels are placed in a dystopian setting that the authority believes is a utopia. The dystopian fictions both have very similar predictions of the future. The predictions from these novels have not happened. However, it could be a short matterRead MoreEssay On 1984 And Fahrenheit 4511323 Words   |  6 Pages Thesis - In the books, 1984, by George Orwell, and Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, each show that man has a number of potential ways to destroy itself, like technology, war, and the usage of words. Technology Technology and technological advancements were very prevalent in the book Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, and many technological advancements are happening today, including the idea and advancements of artificial intelligences, AI. In the book Fahrenheit 451, there are many indicationsRead MoreComparing 1984 And Fahrenheit 451912 Words   |  4 PagesBoth 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 predict a dystopian future where information is tightly controlled and the populace seems to care little for the fact that they are being lied to and manipulated into working for the ambitions of their government. Both governments in the story have taken control of the media and this the population, and both characters are apart of agencies that help keep the government in control of the people. In Fahrenheit 451 the man is a fireman and burns all of the books that heRead More1984 vs. Fahrenheit 4512544 Words   |  11 Pages1984 vs. Fahrenheit 451 â€Å"Do you begin to see, then what kind of world we are creating? It is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell 267). 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are both dystopias, although in each society, the government tells the citizens that it is a utopia. A dystopia is, â€Å"An imaginary place or state in which the condition of life is extremely bad, as from deprivation, oppression or terror† (â€Å"dystopia†). On the other hand, a utopia is described as, â€Å"An ideally perfectRead MoreComparison Between 1984 And Fahrenheit 4511404 Words   |  6 PagesClose examination of the respective protagonists and antagonists of both 1984 by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury reveals how the texts in question challenge and restructure the outdated ‘myth’ of moral absolutism through characters which do not comfortably fit the mould of ‘hero’ or ‘villain’. With reference to these characters and e valuation of their morality in relation to three key branches of normative ethical theory – namely deontological ethics, virtue ethics and care ethics–Read More Fahrenheit 451 And 1984 - The Fear Of Utopia Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the twentieth century. Philosophical optimism of a bright future held by humanity in general was taken advantage of by the promise of a better life through sacrifice of individuality to the state. In the books Brave New World, 1984, and Fahrenheit 451 clear opposition to these subtle entrapments was voiced in similarly convincing ways. They first all established, to varying degrees of balance, the atmosphere and seductiveness of the â€Å"utopia† and the fear of the consequences of acting inRead More Character Comparisons of Winston vs. Guy in Fahrenheit 451 and 1984882 Words   |  4 PagesWinston Smith vs. Guy Montag The two protagonists in Fahrenheit 451 and 1984 both started out somewhere, following the rules and doing what they were told, and towards the end of the book you see them change and become completely different people. In 1984, the reader experiences a nightmarish world that Orwell imagines through the eyes of the protagonist, Winston Smith. In Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist, Guy Montag is on a desperate search to find and understand his own life and purpose. TheseRead MoreAnalysis Of Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury And 1984 By George Orwell1784 Words   |  8 PagesMENTALITY OF CONFORMITY The societies in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and 1984 by George Orwell clearly show the serious effects of conformity. Despite the lack of freedom to think independently, both societies maintain their general happiness. Conformity is the most common and most persuasive form of social influence. The matching of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are signs of conformity. It has become an unconscious, natural part of everyday life; however, it has been occurring for centuriesRead MoreComparing Dystopic Worlds in George Orwells 1984 and Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451.2257 Words   |  10 Pagesimage of utopia, and yet to the reader seems like a foreign, inhumane residence dominated by an all-powerful government. George Orwells 1984, and Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 depicts two different dystopic worlds. The settings of both books are different and the characters are unique; however, both of these books are also very similar. 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are similar dystopic literatures by a common theme of censorship in which the government withholds or censors information, by a similar thread

Zydeco Free Essays

Jamarcus Burks October 15, 2012 A fiddle, accordion, guitar, and a washboard are all you need to create the sweet sound of Zydeco. Zydeco music is a mixture of Blues or Jazz music with an upbeat tempo. Zydeco music has grown with my family. We will write a custom essay sample on Zydeco or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is like a china dish your great grandmother passes down. The music is unique from the message it sends to the crazy two stepping dance that goes along with it. Zydeco music plays a significant role in my life. The first time I heard Zydeco music, I thought it sounded like someone kicking the side of a trash can mixed with a horrible marching band. I was about seven years old, but I remember it like it happened yesterday. My family was eating dinner at my Grandmother’s house and I had recently moved back to Waco, Texas with my dad. I could remember asking, â€Å"What is that noise? † It took me three years to understand what Zydeco truly means, but I took no time to learn the two-step dancing. I listened to Zydeco at a young age, not knowing I did not understand the meaning behind the music, or the important role it played in my life. To me, Zydeco is more than music; it is a way of life. I have listened to Zydeco music through good and bad times throughout my life. My family plays Zydeco music at family gatherings and social events such as holidays, trail rides, birthdays, baby showers, and even funerals. No matter where we would be, we would listen and dance like there was no tomorrow. For as long as I can remember, my family has been playing Zydeco music at funerals. Some people may think it is disrespectful, but it is a family tradition. The reason we play Zydeco at all of our gatherings, is because growing up we were taught to always look at the positive aspects of life. So when a death occurs in the family, we listen to Zydeco and it reminds us that our loved one will always be with the family, but in a better place. Listening to Zydeco gives me a warm and grateful feeling inside. It comforts me to know that no matter what the situation is, there is always a reason to smile. There are different styles of Zydeco such as Zydeco Jazz, Zydeco Blues, and the most popular is Button Box. Zydeco artists send different messages through their songs. Songs have different messages like celebrating; being in love, and the trials and tribulations a person goes through every day. Every generation has one Zydeco artist whose music they grow up dancing and listening to. Artists send positive messages about life or simply having a good time. Over the years, one of the main messages Zydeco artists send to fans is to be thankful for being alive. Older Zydeco music focuses on being alive, but I’ve learned that it has developed over time. However, I feel that there is always a Zydeco song to make me feel better. I believed Zydeco music could impact my life in ways it has. It has always been part of my family and that will continue for decades. That sweet sound transformed me the first time I heard it. However, the song that I always turn to is â€Å"Tu Le Ton Son Ton† by Andre Thierry Zydeco. Andre Thierry’s song reminds me to keep doing my best throughout the week, and that the weekend is near. I learned over the years what Zydeco truly means and how my family expects me to carry on the tradition with my children. How to cite Zydeco, Essay examples

Policy Power and Politics in Healthcare System

Question: Discuss about the Policy Power and Politics in Healthcare System. Answer: Introduction: Recent health care approaches are different from the old healthcare approaches. This was evident because the needs and demands of the healthcare over the years have changed immensely. People have become more concerned about their ailments and immediately seek for an experts help in place of waiting for the disease to be tackled by one. Rising awareness among people is also seen with the help of the different policies and initiatives taken by the governments. Recent study has shown that the population of the old age people is increasing along with increase in sedentary lifestyles (World Health Organisation, 2017). The number of chronic ailments is also increasing resulting in demand of expertise healthcare services. This in turn requires more funding. The occurrence of chronic diseases and expertise treatment with the use of modern technologies was not present. Therefore in the recent era, the financial cost has also found to have increased to a large extent. Therefore the Federal gov ernment has initiated activity based funding systems and national partnership agreements in order to help citizens cope with financial stress. Such initiatives were usually less in the older healthcare approaches where expenditure on healthcare was not this high (Brown et al., 2014). The recent health care approaches and the healthcare policies mainly believe in consumer empowerment and responsibility as the initiatives taken in obesity campaigns. They also stress on wellness of individuals and prevention of diseases rather than curing it after occurrence. Moreover the concept of integrated healthcare funding and management has been promoted where government relies on single or pooled sources of funding so that there can be elimination of bureaucratic cost shifting as well as duplication (Solomon et al., 2013). This was combined with more contributions from private sectors and alignment of outcomes. Unlike the older healthcare approaches, recent approaches mainly remain based on opt imized care pathways that enable private and public reinvestment in more efficient care setting mix with collaboration from multidisciplinary teams to give integrated care. Moreover information enabled health networks have empowered present citizens to a greater degree. Society plays a great role in the well being of an individual. Income inequality is found to be one of the major determinants of healthcare. Social connectedness along with sense of personal or collective efficacy also helps a person to live longer and thereby maintain better health (Berkman, Kawachi Glymour, 2014). Researchers have stated that often the social gradient act as social determinant as it describes the extent of equity that can be practiced or defines the difference in wealth and opportunity that individuals with highest income or those with lowest income can afford in healthcare. The World Health Organization ten important social factors that have tremendous effect on life expectancy and on the health of the people are stress and early life experiences. Besides, social exclusion is one of the facts that results in huge mental impact on a person and affects his quality life (Marmot Allen, 2014). Moreover work and unemployment are also described by WHO as the contributi ng social determinants of health. Availability or unavailability of social support also alters the life of a person dragging them to mental disorders like depression and anxiety. Other factors include addiction, food and transport in lives of people. The above mentioned social determinants can affect the individuals of a nation in three different ways. Differences in exposure is the first way where due to the factors of economy, geography and many other factors, certain groups of population may be more exposed to certain disorders than others and remain at higher risk of harms. An example would be the low economic background people who always remain exposed to greater levels of stress, unhealthy conditions, economic uncertainty and others. Differences in vulnerability can be explained by previous examples where a particular group of people remains more vulnerable than others to health issues (Braveman Gottleib, 2014). An example would be the village population where due to unhealthy condition, poverty and poor nutrition may remain more vulnerable for water borne diseases. Differences in consequences is another way where a middle or upper class family may face less severe issues like missing few days pays, annoyance and others wh ereas a poor family may become homeless, children dropping out and several severe things. Discrimination, employment conditions and high stress levels can thereby be harmful to citizens. Power is a very tough concept that is practiced in policy making and has a great impact on the result that is churned out after establishment for the policy. Steven Lukes in the year 1974 had conceptualized power as a thought control of individuals practiced on by another individual. In simpler words, power is the function especially of the ability that involves influencing others by shaping their preferences (Richardson Malley, 2015). If we consider an individual A and another as B, we can simplify the above statement by saying that while A tries to implement power over B, A tries to affect B in such a way which remains in contrary to Bs interests. In the policy making process, the concept of power experiences a relational sense which enhances the practice of power over others. The concept of power can be further simplified by the saying that when individual A wants to make individual B do something which otherwise B would have never done, then only A would utilize the power to mak e B do it. A can achieve this by three important ways which include power as decision making, power as though control and power as non decision making. During the making of policy, there may initiate a struggle between groups with conflicting interests and therefore the concept of power is extremely important to describe the nature and capability of power (Meyer Benavot, 2013). Power can operate at different levels. Firstly, the conventional understanding of power signifies the control over different material resources. These are usually negotiated through procedures, institutions, structures and formal rules. Secondly, power can be also hidden. It may act through dominant values and even discourses. These help in modifying individual identities and preferences. Moreover power can also be practiced by how people see each other socially on a positive sense achieving a goal (Au Ferrare, 2015). Obesity is a leading cause of increasing mortality in most developed nations which are leading to severe compromises in life expectancies of individual. Most of the governments of nations have tried to establish policies for controlling the occurrence of disorder. In order to make such policies successful, a proper framework has to be laid that will cover each cohort at risk. Firstly, it should educate the children in schools and controlling the condition so sale in schools of high calorigenic food. There should be restriction on the advertisements of high fat content and low nutrient food and also educate students about their ill effects (Brochu et al., 2014). The policy should also subsidize healthier alternatives like fruits and vegetables having much higher per calorie cost. Banning of trans fat containing food products should be banned. The causes of obesity should be reduced by appropriate legislations and regulations of environmental conditions that sustain good health should be done. This can be done by allowing citizens to proper access to healthy foods and increasing their opportunities to be physically active. Promotion of health should not only be done by spreading awareness and information but should also contain programs that involve people to maintain exercise and healthy diets. Menu calorie labeling, soft drink tax, interventions in schools and others are some of the main prospects that will bring effect into the campaign. Community based programs can be initiated by building of sporting facilities, playgrounds, walking itineraries, offering cooking based classes to families, encouraging high risk individuals to consult doctors, changes in canteen menus, introduction of fruits in such menus, reducing the watching of television, increasing physical activities and lifestyle interventions all tend to be implemented in the policy (Stanford Kylie, 2015). Besides, addressing lifestyle high risk individuals may be prescribed anti obesity drugs or weight loss drugs only after the guidance of experts. They mainly work by altering the physiological processes towards betterment. However they should be taken under guidance as they have harmful effects. Bariatric surgery proves to be more effective in case of high risk individuals in contrast t drug therapy. It is extremely important for every educational center to be smoke free to prevent health hazards unnecessarily extended as it may create a sense of disinterest among the students. The policy should not only refer to students but should also include professors, administrative officers, laborers and many others. The first factor that should be incorporated would be the entire description of the side effects that smoking creates in an individual (Rusette et al., 2014). It should describe the different cancer, the substance abuse disorders, various gynecological issues and others in details. This may create awareness in individuals in the university. The next factor would be the prohibitions of smoking in specific areas of the university. This would include areas which have more people in gathering, which are less ventilating and others. Prohibitions should also be done in the university vehicles, shuttle vans and buses. Smoking should only be done in areas which are designated as smoki ng areas only. The third factor would mainly involve the proper education and treatment for individuals who want to be free from the habit of smoking. To help such people, the university should take initiatives like development of a list of resources which can help such individuals to leave the habit. A smoking cessation program can also be arranged with the help of the universitys group health insurance plan. This would help in the participation of interested students who want to leave their habit of smoking without going to experts for seeking help. However the university should be responsible enough to introduce educational materials as well as different referral services for all individuals irrespective of their insurance status (Cho et al., 2014). Moreover, individuals should also be advised to contact the office of human resources for further help if required. Another factor that should come in consideration while introducing the plan would be the introduction of strict disciplinary actions. This is very important in order to prevent any discrepancies and to reduce the chance of smoking. Any students or employees found to bre ak the rule would be severely punished and will be penalized. They may also be subjected to legal obligation depending on their extent of guilt. References: Au, W., Ferrare, J. J. (Eds.). (2015).Mapping corporate education reform: Power and policy networks in the neoliberal state. Routledge. Berkman, L. F., Kawachi, I., Glymour, M. M. (2014).Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press. Braveman, P., Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes.Public health reports,129(1_suppl2), 19-31. Brochu, P. M., Pearl, R. L., Puhl, R. M., Brownell, K. D. (2014). Do media portrayals of obesity influence support for weight-related medical policy?.Health Psychology,33(2), 197. Brown, V. A., Grootjans, J., Ritchie, J., Townsend, M., Verrinder, G. (2014).Sustainability and health: supporting global ecological integrity in public health. Routledge. Cho, H., Lee, K., Hwang, Y., Richardson, P., Bratset, H., Teeters, E., ... Hahn, E. J. (2014). Outdoor tobacco smoke exposure at the perimeter of a tobacco-free university.Journal of the Air Waste Management Association,64(8), 863-866. Marmot, M., Allen, J. J. (2014). Social determinants of health equity. Meyer, H. D., Benavot, A. (Eds.). (2013, May). PISA, power, and policy: The emergence of global educational governance. Symposium Books Ltd. Richardson, J., Mazey, S. (Eds.). (2015).European Union: power and policy-making. Routledge. Russette, H. C., Harris, K. J., Schuldberg, D., Green, L. (2014). Policy compliance of smokers on a tobacco-free university campus.Journal of American College Health,62(2), 110-116. Salomon, J. A., Vos, T., Hogan, D. R., Gagnon, M., Naghavi, M., Mokdad, A., ... Farje, M. R. (2013). Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The Lancet,380(9859), 2129-2143. Stanford, F. C., Kyle, T. K. (2015). Why food policy and obesity policy are not synonymous: the need to establish clear obesity policy in the United States.International Journal of Obesity,39(12), 1667. World Health Organization (WHO. (2017). A global brief on hypertension: silent killer, global public health crisis.People.

Violence In School Essays - Misconduct, Behavior, Human Behavior

Violence In School http://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/violence/98030001.html Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools: 1996-97 Executive Summary No matter where you are, parents want their students to be safe and secure that might even precede a quality education With drugs, gangs, and guns on the rise in many communities the threat of violence weighs heavily on most principals' minds these daysAnyone who thinks they are not vulnerable is really na?ve. (Principal Michael Durso, Springbrook High School, as quoted in the Washingtonian Magazine, September 1997). Background Recent events have again focused the nation's attention on violence in U.S. public schools, an issue that has generated public concern and directed research for more than two decades.1 Despite long-standing attention to the problem, there is a growing perception that not all public schools are safe places of learning, and media reports highlight specific school-based violent acts. The seventh goal of the National Education Goals states that by the year 2000, all schools in America will be free of drugs and violence and the unauthorized presence of firearms and alcohol, and offer a disciplined environment that is conducive to learning. In response to this goal, the Congress passed the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1994, which provides for support of drug and violence prevention programs. As part of this legislation, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is required to collect data to determine the frequency, seriousness, and incidence of violence in e lementary and secondary schools. NCES responded to this requirement by commissioning a survey, the Principal/School Disciplinarian Survey on School Violence, 1996-97, the results of which are detailed in this report. The school violence survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample of 1,234 regular public elementary, middle, and secondary schools in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the spring and summer of 1997. The survey requested information on four main topics: ? The incidence of crime and violence that occurred in public schools during the 1996-97 academic year; ? Principals' (or school disciplinarians') perceptions about the seriousness of a variety of discipline issues in their schools; ? The types of disciplinary actions schools took against students for serious offenses; and ? The kinds of security measures and violence prevention programs that were in place in public schools. The types of criminal incidents that schools were asked to report included murder, suicide, rape or other type of sexual battery, assault or fight with a weapon, robbery, assault or fight without a weapon, theft/ larceny, and vandalism. Any effort to quantify the frequency and seriousness of these crimes and violent incidents occurring in public schools will be affected by the way in which the information is collected and reported. Three important aspects of the process that were used to gather the data reported in this publication were: ? ? The survey questions asked, including how the questions were phrased, definitions applied, time span covered, and the context in which they were asked; ? The choice of survey respondent; and ? The survey sample size. The reader should keep these aspects of the survey in mind when comparing results of this particular sample survey with other studies on school crime and violence. The data reported from this study may vary from data reported elsewhere because of differences in definitions, coverage, respondents, and sample. For example, the data reported in this survey describe the number of incidents of crime, not the number of individuals involved in such incidents. It should be noted that an incident could involve more than one individual perpetrator or individual victim. Similarly, an individual perpetrator or victim could be involved in multiple incidents. Key Findings How Serious A Problem Was Crime And Violence In U.S. Public Schools In The 1996-1997 School Year? More than half of U.S. public schools reported experiencing at least one crime incident in school year 1996-97, and 1 in 10 schools reported at least one serious violent crime during that school year (table 7). ? ? Fifty-seven percent of public elementary and secondary school principals reported that one or more incidents of crime/violence that were reported to the police or other law enforcement officials had occurred in their school during the 1996-97 school year. ? Ten percent of all public schools experienced one or more

Sociology Essay The WritePass Journal

Sociology Essay Introduction: Sociology Essay ). Determinists argue that thought processes are affected by language (Boroditsky 2001; Boroditsky, et al 2001, 2003, 2004). Nevertheless, this approach fails to recognise the fluidity of language, which is seen in the development of diaspora communities (Canagarajah, 2007; Haughen, 1972). The perceptions and the ideology of the researcher influence their examination of language, its language links to culture and impact of the person (Zahedi, 2008). Hence, the best model of determinism is ascertained by the researcher’s methodological approach. The empiricist is best suited to the Sapir- Whorfian Hypothesis, because it focuses on linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism (Mooney, 2010). The strong form that â€Å"language determines thought† (Zahedi, 2008, p.29) has been rejected. Instead the viable form is the soft approach, which states language affects thought patterns (Bilik, 2002; Zahedi, 2008). This has been supported by a number of studies (Boroditsky 2001; Boroditsky, et al 2001, 2003, 2004). This is an anthropological approach to language (i.e. externalist approach). Thus, language develops in a flexibly, especially when different cultures clash (Bilik, 2002). Culture clash will have two effects, the first is that the language will adapt to the new community (Collinge, 2002, p. 254; De Bot Stoessel, 2002). Thus, a broader understanding of language needs to be engaged with, such as the Saussurean approach. The Saussurean is an internalist approach, which identifies the arbitrariness of linguistic signs identified in the externalist framework (Zahedi, 2008, p.25). This article argues both the internalist and externalist approaches to language are necessary. Thus, Zahedi (2008) argues that just focusing on Sapir- Whorfian determinism will limit sociological understandings of language. A broader application of language and culture is essential, especially in the multicultural or transnational community (Safar, 2004). This is because clashes between cultures or resident state and HL preservation can change the perceptions of the person (Knight, 2002). The application to the Multicultural London is interesting, because the use of West Indian patios in other communities is clearly identifiable. It seems that this language has become part of the urban landscape. Thus, applying a narrow assimilative approach is not appropriate. Rather, a mixed approach to determinism is necessary, in order to understand how language affects the person and its connection to the social landscape (i.e. the link between West Indian patois and London’s urban landsc ape. . References: Alfonsi, C, Kokot, W Toloyan, K (2004). Diaspora, Identity and Religion: New Directions in Theory and Research London: Routledge Bilik, N. (2002). The Ethnicity of Anthropology in China: Discursive Diversity and Linguistic Relativity. Critique of Anthropology Vol 22, No 2, 133-148 Blunt, A. (2007). â€Å"Cultural Geographies of Migration: Mobility, Transnationality and Diaspora† Progress in Human GeographyVol. 31, Iss 5: 684-694 Blunt, A. and Dowling, R. (2006) Home. London: Routledge Boroditsky, L, Phillips W, and Schmidt., LA. (2004) Can Quirks of Grammar Affect the   Way You Think? Grammatical Gender Categories and the Mental Representation of Objects. Manuscript. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Boroditsky, L,. Schmidt, LA and Phillips, W (2003). Sex, Syntax and Semantics. in Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought, edited by D. Gentner and S. Goldin-Meadow. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press., pp. 61-67 Byon, A. (2003). Language socialization and Korean as a heritage language: A study of Canagarajah, S. (2007). Lingua Franca English, Multilingual Communities, and Language Acquisition. 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The Transnational Dimensions of Identity Formation: Adult Children of Immigrants in Miami Identity Formation 1182-1209 Harris, R. (2006) New Ethnicities and Language Use. London: Palgrave Hawaiian classrooms. Language, Culture and Curriculum Vol 16, 269–283 He, AW. (2010). The Heart of Heritage: Sociological Dimensions of Heritage Language Learning. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics Vol. 30, 66-82 Hojat, M., D, Foroughi, H. Mahmoudi, F. Holakouee. (2010). A Desire to Return to the Country of Birth as a Function of Language Preference: An Empirical Study with Iranian Immigrants in the United States. International Migration, Vol 48 Iss. 3, 158-173 Honeycutt, C Cunliffe, D. (2010). The Use of the Welsh Language on Facebook: An initial investigation. Information, Communication Society Vol. 13, Iss. 2 226-248 Knight, WA. (2002). Conceptualising Transnational Community Formation: Migrants, Sojourners and Diasporas in a Globalised Era. 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War on Drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

War on Drugs - Research Paper Example This paper is a critical examination of the war on drugs in the United States and its effects in the country. Narcotics are a wide range of illegal drugs that are primarily used to influence and change the behavior or mood of the user. Chemically, narcotics are opium derivatives and they include drugs such morphine, heroin, cocaine, codeine among others (Roy, 41). Opiates and cocaine are the most valuable and profitable narcotics in the underworld economy. Narcotics are highly addictive, and they mainly function on the brain and the central nervous system where they reduce the intensity of unpleasant feelings such as pain and could produce euphoric sensations. In medicine, morphine, which is narcotic drug, is widely used to reduce chronic pain. Others narcotics applied in medicine include codeine and oxycodone for relieving pain in patients. Due to the addictive nature of these medically applied narcotics, the abuse of the prescription drugs is a growing concern in the United States (Acker, 57-69). History of Narcotics in United States Narcotics have an ancient history that dates back to the earliest civilization in Greece, Sumeria, Egypt and India among others. to Roy, opium, which is obtained from the poppy plant, played a major role in prehistoric medicine and pharmacy. The drug was mainly used for inducing sleep and as a general painkiller. In addition, the addictive and euphoric properties of opium encouraged people to use it as a recreational drug. The potent properties of opium increased its demand in the world and by 17th century, commercial production and trade in the drug was already established in the European continent. ... By eighteenth century, trade in opium was a very profitable venture because an increasing number of people had become addicted to the drug (72-96). The use of opium was no longer restricted to the rich and it soon became a commodity for mass consumption. Consequently, opium became an important source of revenue for various countries especially in Asia and Atlantic region. The main source of opium in United States in 20th century was China (Zabludoff, 49). Currently the main producers and suppliers of opiate drugs are Colombia, Mexico, Afghanistan and Pakistan (Chepesiuk, 68). Acker classifies the history of narcotics use in the United States in three distinct periods, from 1860 to 1910, 1910 to 1950 and from 1950 to the present (63). In the United States, the period from 1860 to 1910 was characterized by the outbreak of the civil war, which started in 1861 and ended in 1865. During the war, large-scale use of narcotics was noted among the combatants (Acker, 105). The medicinal and ad dictive properties of the drug elicited intensive research from pharmaceutical companies such as the giant pharmaceutical company Bayer. In 1874, chemists from Bayer successfully isolated heroin from morphine. During the period, addiction to morphine had become a major concern in Europe and United States. A growing number of people had become dependant on the drug, resulting to low productivity and increasing level of crime (Roy, 38). Therefore, the medical fraternity hoped that heroin, would cure morphine addiction. The successful synthesis of heroin from morphine well received in the market and the narcotic was promoted as â€Å"a wonder drug† (Musto, 55). The commercial promotion